Human biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human biology - Research Paper Example The consequences of decreased coronary blood flow are influenced by the quantum of reduction in blood flow and the duration of the reduced blood flow. Decreased coronary blood flow results in oxygen deprivation to the heart muscles and when this disruption is slight the consequence is impairment in the relaxation of the heart muscle and weakened contraction, as experienced in the case of angina pectoris. This decreased blood flow may be transient, which is reversible through the use of nitroglycerin tablets. However, when the ischemia due to reduced coronary blood flow is prolonged it may lead to decreased myocardial contraction or dyskinesis that is not easily reversible and prolongs for many hours. The consequence of chronic reduction in coronary blood flow is the failure of the myocardium to contract normally termed hibernation, which may or may not result in necrosis of the myocardium. Severe blockage of the coronary blood flow results in myocardial infarction. In all these conse quences due to impaired coronary blood flow substantial dyskinesis occurs, causing the rest of the myocardium to take up this extra load. This results in hypertrophy of the unaffected portions of the ventricle (Fuster et al, 2004). Cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure that is conducted to evaluate blood flow to the myocardium of the heart and assess the effectiveness of the pumping of the heart. In cardiac catheterization a medical professional introduces a thin plastic tube called the catheter into an artery or vein of the arms or leg. From this site it is progressively advanced into the chambers of the heart or the coronary arteries for the required evaluation (American Heart Association, 2009). Even though there has been continual improvement in the techniques employed in noninvasive testing of hemodynamics to provide greater accuracy, cardiac catheterization has

Soft Drinks Industry Porters 5 Forces Essay Example for Free

Soft Drinks Industry Porters 5 Forces Essay There is a wide array of substitutes that consumers may choose. These products are widely and easily available at low price. Hence the threat posed by these substitutes exist at a high level. However these risks can be mitigated through diversification and offering more products in the portfolio. Since the range and the number of suppliers far exceed the buyers in the market, the industry has a very bargaining power. Most of the inputs required are basically commodities and available on a global scale. Potential Entrants Brand awareness and loyalty of established brands Technical know how required is low Well established network with retail channels Highly capital intensive Regulation – Soft Drink Inter Brand Competition Act, 1980 Suppliers Leather manufacturers, textile companies, producers of glass and other accessories, †¦ Relationship with the buyers is established through distribution channels and since these channels varied their bargaining power also varied. While the buyers have a relative power in case of fountain drinks due to stocking of one brand, their power is limited in case of vending, where the products can be sold directly to consumers. Hence their overall power can be considered average. Buyers Distribution channels High end customers (very wealthy individuals) Industry / Competition Few players dominating the market with a very high brand loyalty. Industry characterized by slow grow rate. Hence there is intense competition amongst the players to gain a higher market share. Growing buying preferences for differentiated products amongst the consumers and hence companies resorting to growth through innovation and consolidation. Changing lifestyles, increasing health consciousness and societal concerns are causing firms to change their business strategy. Though the technical know how required to manufacture a soft drink is low, it requires continual and substantial investments to establish brand awareness and compete with established brands like Coke Pepsi Cola. Further the existing arrangement for distribution between these players and the retail channels makes it difficult for new players to gain a visibility in the market – a key determinant for success in the soft drink industry. Moreover the Soft Drink Inter Brand Competition Act of 1980 makes it nearly impossible for a new bottler to get started in the region where existing bottler operates. Thus the industry is characterized by very high entry barriers.

Can Science and Religion Co-exist? Essay -- Religion

Science and theology have diverged lines amongst several of the world’s phenomenon with the two greatest differences being human and world development. Although there are differences in the beliefs of these two groups, they are ultimately attempting to solve the same puzzles that consume the minds of members of both disciplines. In the end one might say, both disciplines are working to solve two different puzzles that may be really different, but ultimately are aspects of the same puzzle. Both the method and the aims of science and religion seem to be different. Science is considered to be more linked to the material aspect of all things, where religion is concerned with the spiritual. These are just two of the differences to be discussed in this paper, as I attempt to answer the question of â€Å"Can science and religion co-exist?† Science and religion both create feelings ranging from suspicion, distrust, and conflict to those of respect, tolerance, and conciliation. The feelings created are often dependent on an individual’s level of involvement with the corresponding discipline of study. Extremist in either discipline would be most likely to develop the negative feelings listed above, while those with knowledge of both studies would lean towards the feelings associated with respect and tolerance. Another group of individuals who would typically respect and tolerate the beliefs of both studies are those nestled in the roots of the rabbit’s fur (Gaarder, 2007). These would be those who are content living their daily lives not looking to solve the unknown questions of the world’s development. The contradiction amongst science and religion is found between those who look to find the missing pieces of the puzzle through means of myt... ... co-exist peacefully through conciliation is preferred, and for the most part is the norm. Works Cited Sickler, B. (2009). Conflicts Between Science and Religion, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2/27/12 from http://www.iep.utm.edu/sci-rel. Shaikh, A.B. (2011). Science and Religion at the Crossroads: Conflict or Conciliation? Journal for Interdisciplinary Research on Religion and Science, No. 9, July 2011. Dennett, D.C. (2011). Science and Religion: Are They Compatible? Oxford University Press. Deem, R. (2006). Does the Bible Say God Created the Universe in Six 24-Hour Days? Retrieved 2/26/12 from http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/sixdays.html. Gaarder, J. (2007). Sophies World. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC. Palmer, D. (2010). Looking at Philosophy: The Unbearable Heaviness of Philosophy Made Lighter, 5th ed.. McGraw-Hill.

Shoeless Joe :: essays research papers

1. KINSELLA, W. P. Shoeless Joe. Ballantine books: New York: 1982 2. The story starts when Ray Kinsella, the main character, is talking about his hero Shoeless Joe Jackson who once played left field in baseball. When Ray went to the ball park he was hearing, in his head, the voice of the announcer that was saying â€Å" If you build it, he will come.† Ray started building his dream ball park in his cornfield. He remembered the last time Joe played major league baseball in 1920 and then he was suspended for life, along with seven of his compatriots, for his part in throwing the 1919 World Series. Ray was always sitting in the left field bleachers. After a couple of games were played at the ball park, Shoeless Joe told Ray to start a new league. Joe was going to call up all of his compatriots to play ball. Ray said he would find a friend that never made it to the major league. Ray had travelled to Iowa city to get his friend J.D. Salinger who then went to Fenway park with him. Three weeks later Ray came home, J.D. came with him. J.D. was very impressed when he saw the park. Now, Ray had the best team in the new league. 3. The significance of the title is that Shoeless Joe was one of the greatest baseball players of all times. Shoeless Joe became a symbol of the powerful over the powerless. Shoeless Joe did not play with running shoes because he could not find a small shoe size to fit him. That is why he wears the name Shoeless Joe. 4. The first impression I get from the main character, Ray Kinsella, is that he is a man who loves baseball. He lives for it. He is a great father and husband. He plays ball with his family and he brings them to ball games. He likes to dream. He could sit all day long and dream. He also likes to improve the things that he loves to build. He worked hard at making a better baseball park. 5. Ray’s character does not really have a big transformation. He has to travel to Iowa to see if he could bring his friend to play ball. I think that he displayed some courage. I would not have the courage to do what he did. He is a person that believes in himself.

Crime Rates Essay

What we usually have in mind when we talk about the crime rates is a well known fact that crime rates are increasing. So,people who are related to this issue should try to find a solution so as to solve the problem .Up to now many countries have tried to decrease crime rates. However,many of them have failed .Everybody has a significant roles so as to decrease the crime rates such as parents and governments. First of all, it is worth bearing in mind that parents should train their children so children will not change the crime rates .Thus,crime rates will not increase . Parents should raise awareness their children because according to research conducted children who are conscious about crime do not commit a crime besides parents should not leave unattended their children because generally rambling children have amount of influence on the crime rates.Also parents should be interested in their children .Experts said that slummy person involve in a crime easily .Therefore parents take care of their children. Read more:Â  Increasing Crime Rate in Today’s Society in India It is last but not least governments should make provision as fight with crimes because researchers believe that only if governments attach importance to crime rates , can they decrease the crime rates .Governments should provide equipments so as to overcome to crimes.Thanks to more equipments , governments can reduce the crime rates .Governments should be in contact with other governments because increasing of the crime rates are not seem just one government.So, they can help each other about this situation. To sum up Ä ±t should be noted that parents have a considerable amount of effect as decrease the crime rates .Nowadays every segment of society is looking for a way to solve as decrease the crime rates.

Ancient Humanities Essays

Ancient Humanities Essays Ancient Humanities Essay Ancient Humanities Essay Marcus Fant HUM250 Humanities KGA 1 Field Trip Report In this report I plan to take you through the ancient times with a journey with art. We will start in the Mesopotamia where you can see the Cuneiform writing which was the first form of known writing. They had a belief in Polytheism which I the belief in many Gods. It was their belief that the Gods power flows through the king. The next step would be to go to the Ancient Egyptian. They developed a style of writing called Hieroglyphics which is one of the earliest forms of writing. They also believed in polytheism and sacrifices at the time of burial. They buried their dead king are called Pharaohs in tombs called Pyramids. The Pharaohs are considered to have a sacred kingship. When we get to Ancient Greece (classical) that is called the Bronze Age (2500 – 1150 B. C. ) their religious belief is at the height of Polytheism that is the belief in many Gods. The ruler in this time frame was King Minos who was the King of Minos, they make they make their home of the Island of Crete. The artisans were very skillful in frescos and figurines and vases. Minoans worshiped freedom and equality of women. The Mycenaean’s inhabit the city of Mycenae c 1600 – 1150. The culture was a warriors and pirate culture. Like the Egyptians they believed in life after death. Another part of their history would be the Trojan war. Our next step will be the Dark Ages (1150 – 900 b. ,c. ) Early Greeks (8th Century b. c. ) The Minoans and Mycenaean’s was the base of their civilization. The had a belief in Polytheism and had anthropomorphic belief that the Greek Gods were shaped like humans. They did do sacrifies but only animals. Theology the making of gods is a synthesis of Greek Belief also Philosophy was also invented here also. Then we move to Ancient Rome (735b. c. ) where the Etruscans we engineering arches, they also believed in polytheism. Julius Caesar the first dictator Octavian Agustus. Greek puls Hellenism and practicality were all parts of Roman culture. They started public altars and satues of emperor also during that time the coliseum was being built. The next part of our time line will bring Monotheism (the belief in one God) and then we see a new vision of how to look at the way are is done. Iraq, Nimrud Ashurnasirpal II and a Winged Deity, 883-859 BC Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypseous alabaster, 90 3/4 x 83 in. (230. 5 x 210. 8 cm. ) Purchased with funds provided by Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 3) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 Assyria, Nimrud Deity Performing Ritual Purification, circa 870 B. C. Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypseous alabaster, 90 3/4 x 83 in. (230. 51 x 210. 82 cm) Purchased with funds provided by Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 5) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 These massive carved stone panels are from the lavish Assyrian palace of King Ashurnasirpal II, at Nimrud, in what is now Northern Iraq. The images and writing you see served as powerful political propaganda, meant to inspire awe and fear. The King himself is in the center panel, wearing a cap, with a bowl atop his fingertips. By picturing himself among these semi-divine beings, he asserts that the gods themselves have anointed him to rule on earth. The cuneiform writing across the center of each panel spells out the same bold inscription. It reads, in part: [I am] Ashurnasirpal, the obedient prince, the worshiper of the Great Gods, the fierce dragon, the conqueror of all cities and mountains to their full extent, the king of rulers, who tames the dangerous enemies, the [one] crowned with glory, the [one] unafraid of battle, the relentless lion, who shakes resistance, the king [deserving] of praise, the shepherd, protection of the world, the king whose command blots out mountains and seas, who forced into compliance the relentless, fierce kings from the east to the west at his very approach. Assyria, Nimrud, palace of Ashurnasirpal II Eagle-Headed Deity, 833-858 B. C. Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypsum, Height: 88 in. (223. 52 cm) Gift of Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 4) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 These massive carved stone panels are from the lavish Assyrian palace of King Ashurnasirpal II, at Nimrud, in what is now Northern Iraq. The images and writing you see served as powerful political propaganda, meant to inspire awe and fear. The King himself is in the center panel, wearing a cap, with a bowl atop his fingertips. By picturing himself among these semi-divine beings, he asserts that the gods themselves have anointed him to rule on earth. The cuneiform writing across the center of each panel spells out the same bold inscription. It reads, in part: I am] Ashurnasirpal, the obedient prince, the worshiper of the Great Gods, the fierce dragon, the conqueror of all cities and mountains to their full extent, the king of rulers, who tames the dangerous enemies, the [one] crowned with glory, the [one] unafraid of battle, the relentless lion, who shakes resistance, the king [deserving] of praise, the shepherd, protection of the world, the king whose command blots out mountains and seas, who forced into compliance the relentless, fierce kings from the east to the west at his very approach. Artist Name: Unknown Title: Osiris Date: New Kingdom (1550 1070 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Wood with gilding Dimensions: Height: 22 1/2 in. (57. 15 cm) Credit Line: Mr. and Mrs. Allan C. Balch Fund Osiris, the mummiform ruler of the dead, wears the insignia of Egyptian royalty: the tall crown of Upper Egypt, the uraeus (cobra) headdress, a false beard, and, now lost, a crook and flail. Images of Osiris were placed in tombs as symbols of resurrection Artist Name: Unknown Title: Figurine of the Goddess Wadjet Date: 26th Dynasty (circa 664 525 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Bronze Dimensions: Height: 13 in. (33 cm) This elegant, striding bronze figure represents the goddess Wadjet, protectress of the king and tutelary deity of Lower Egypt. One of several Egyptian goddesses depicted with the head of a lioness, Wadjet is identified in this example by the dedicatory inscription on the rectangular base. The preserved portion of the text also includes part of the donors name and parentage. This figure probably was dedicated as an offering in a temple, and in addition may have served as a container for the remains of a sacred animal. Artist Name: Unknown Title: Artists Trial Piece Date: Late Period, 26th Dynasty, reign of Amasis or later (circa 570 525 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Limestone Dimensions: Height: 14 in. (35. 56 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 303 Artist Name: Python (attributed to) Title: Bell-Krater with (A) an Elderly Satyr (Papposilenos) Followed by Young Dionysos, and (B) Two Wreathed Youths Date: circa 350-325 B. C. Place Made: South Italy, Paestum Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Ceramic Dimensions: Height: 15 in. (38. 1 cm); Diameter: 14 5/8 in. (37. 15 cm) Credit Line: Willilam Randolph Hearst Collection On south Italian vases the wine god Dionysos is almost invariably depicted as a long-haired, athletic young man. On the front of this vase the god advances across uneven terrain at night, his way illuminated by the torch carried by a small, old white-haired satyr, who hurries along with a full wineskin slung over his shoulder. They are on their way to a drinking party, and in anticipation of their arrival, Dionysos holds out his cup. Below the satyr is a small altar. Flanking the pictures front and back are slender half-palmettes, ornamental hallmarks of the Paestan style of vase painting. The two clothed youths on the reverse are standard too, as are the heavy dot-stripe borders on their garments. Andrew J. Clark, (2008) Artist Name: Python (attributed to) Title: Bell-Krater with (A) the Centaur Chiron Accompanied by a Satyr and (B) Two Youths Date: circa 350-325 B. C. Place Made: South Italy, Paestum Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Ceramic Dimensions: Height: 15 1/4 in. 38. 74 cm); Diameter: 14 5/8 in. (37. 15 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection On this vase a centaur is depicted traveling in the company of a diminutive satyr. The torch held by the centaur indicates that the scene takes place at night. Centaurs are part human and part horse, and more often than not, they are depicted as uncouth beings. This centaur appears distinctly human, however, and it may be that he is either Chiro n, the wise centaur who tutored the hero Achilles, or Pholos, another civilized centaur. Whoever he may be, the centaur’s torch and the presence of a satyr suggest that they are going to a nocturnal Dionysiac revel. Except for Chiron and Pholos, centaurs were notorious drunks who could not hold their liquor. Artist Name: Unknown Title: The Hope Athena Date: 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek Original of the 5th century B. C. Place Made: Italy, Ostia or Rome Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Marble Dimensions: Height: 86 in. (218. 4 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 318 Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war waged for just causes, wears a breastplate decorated with heads of gorgons, the monsters whose piercing gaze turned to stone everyone whose eyes they met. The statue was excavated at Ostia, the port of Rome, in 1797. The hollow eye sockets suggest that the eyes originally were inlaid. This Athena is a Roman copy of a Greek original, the so-called Hope-Farnese type of Athena, named after LACMA’s statue, which was once owned by Thomas Hope, and the other fairly complete version in Naples, which came from the princely Farnese family. Mary Levkoff, 2008) Excerpted from Hearst the Collector. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York: Abrams, 2008 Dressed in a chiton and sumptuous mantle, her chest protected by an aegis, Athena may once have looked at a small figure of Nike on her right hand while supporting her left arm on a lance. She stands in the purest classical contrapposto, but since the forms of her body are entirely concealed under the garments, this is conveyed by the system of drapery folds. The helmeted head, once crowned by a sphinx and two griffins, was carved separately. The Hope Athena gives her name to a sculptural type that is based on a Greek work of 430–420 BC and relates to the famous Athena Parthenos by Pheidias. The Athena was excavated together with the Hygieia (cat. no. 110) in Ostia, the ancient port of Rome, and the two statues were sold together at the Hope collection sale in 1917. They were numbers one and two, respectively, in Hope’s catalogue of his own collection. Hearst acquired them later, at separate sales in the 1930s, thus reuniting two works of art that were probably displayed together in antiquity. He was definitely aware of their Hope provenance, if not their ancient context, since he also purchased a significant number of Greek vases that came from that English collection (see cat. nos. 99, 101–5). The Hope Athena and Hope Hygieia are clearly the most important and best-preserved Roman sculptures from Hearst’s collection. At one point the Athena was displayed in the Assembly Room at San Simeon’s Casa Grande, together with Antonio Canova’s Venus Italica (cat. no. 123). Hearst parted with the Athena only at the very end, donating her in 1951, the year of his death. Jens Daehner, (2008) Rome, Roman The Lansdowne Bust of Athena of Velletri, 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek original of about 430-420 B. C. by Kresilas Sculpture; Stone, Marble, 42 x 33 x 19 in. (106. 68 x 83. 82 x 48. 26 cm) William Randolph Hearst Collection (49. 23. 1) European Painting and Sculpture: Greek and Roman Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 303 A colossal Greek statue of Athena that once stood at Piraeus, the port of Athens, inspired a number of Roman copies. Its name comes from the best-preserved full-length copy, which was discovered at the site of the Villa Velletri, south of Rome, and is now in the Louvre. Fragments of LACMA’s sculpture were unearthed around 1760 by the Scottish antiquarian Gavin Hamilton. The bust has been reconstituted from them: the right shoulder, face, and part of the helmet are original. The remainder, including the snakes and the grimacing gorgon’s head, was carved in the eighteenth century. This extensive restoration was typical of the treatment of ancient fragments at that time. (Mary Levkoff, 2008) Artist Name Skopas (attributed to) Title The Hope Hygieia Date 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek original of about 360 B. C. Place Made Italy, Ostia (? ) or Rome Collection Area Greek and Roman Medium Marble Dimensions 75 x 25 x 18 in. (190. 5 x 63. 5 x 45. 72 cm) Credit Line William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 318 Culture Roman Excerpted from Hearst the Collector. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York: Abrams, 2008 Hygieia, daughter of the healer god Asklepios, is represented feeding a large serpent from a dish in her hand. This is the best-preserved ancient copy of a lost Greek statue of the fourth century BC- a type hence named after the Hope Hygieia- and was carved in the mid-second century AD, during the Antonine period. As with the Hope Athena (cat. no. 109), Hygieia’s eye sockets are hollow, indicating that her eyes were originally inlaid in a different polychrome material, such as colored stone or glass. When Hearst donated the statue to the Los Angeles County Museum, its appearance was essentially the same as it was when it entered Thomas Hope’s collection 150 years earlier. The original marble restorations of around 1800- including the right arm, left hand, nose, eyes, and parts of the snake- were removed in the 1970s but reintegrated in preparation for the present exhibition. Jens Daehner, (2008) Paul Vredeman de Vries (1567 1630) Interior of Antwerp Cathedral, 1612 Painting, Oil on panel, Sight: 24 1/4 x 31 1/4 in. (61. 6 x 79. 4 cm); Framed: 31 1/2 x 39 in. (80 x 99. 1 cm) Gift of William Randolph Hearst (49. 17. 5) European Painting and Sculpture Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 319 Inexplicably attributed at the time of its acquisition to Peeter NeeJs the Elder (c. 578–1656) in spite of its prominent signature, this interior of a cathedral is by Paul Vredeman de Vries, an artist who- like his father, Hans- specialized in painting fanciful architectural subjects. Paul’s most famous works are large compositions probably commissioned by Rudolf II in Prague, where Hans and Paul worked in 1596 (Vienna, Kunsthis torisches Museum). The Los Angeles panel, unlike the Vienna pictures, does not combine Italianate and Gothic motifs but represents instead the interior of a Gothic church loosely reminiscent of the Antwerp Cathedral. It is likely that the figures were executed by another painter, a practice common to artists such as Vredeman de Vries, who specialized in the depiction of buildings. The figures in many of his paintings were the work of Dirk de Quade van Ravesteyn (active c. 1576–1612). To judge from the close timing of his purchase and donation of this painting, Hearst apparently bought it for the museum, not for himself, just as he did Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes by Jean Lemaire (inv. no. 49. 17. 16) and Supper at Emmaus by Filippo Tarchiani (inv. no. 49. 17. 3). Interior of a Gothic Church is included here as an example of Hearst’s acquisitions on behalf of the Los Angeles County Museum. J. Patrice Marandel, (2008) Jean-Antoine Houdon (France, Versailles, 1741 1828) Voltaire Seated, circa 1779-1795 Sculpture, Plaster, with vestiges of paint and terracotta slip, with metal supports; on modern painted wood base, Sculpture: 52 1/2 x 35 1/2 x 33 in. (133. 35 x 90. 17 x 83. 82 cm); Base: 34 x 45 x 37 1/4 in. (86. 36 x 114. 3 x 94. 62 cm) Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation (M. 2004. 5) European Painting and Sculpture Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 330 Artist Name: Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn Title: Portrait of Dirck Jansz Pesser Date: circa 1634 Place Made: Holland Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Oil on panel Dimensions: 25 1/2 x 19 7/8 in. (64. 77 x 50. 48 cm) Credit Line: Frances and Armand Hammer Purchase Fund Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 324 By 1634, when he traveled to Rotterdam and painted this portrait of the wealthy brewer Dirck Jansz. Pesser (1587–1651) and those of his wife, Haesje van Cleyburgh, and his mother, Aechje Claesdr. Rembrandt was recognized as Amsterdam’s most fashionable portrait painter. Here he employed the conventional oval format but used the undulating rim of the hat, the white ruff, and the carefully orchestrated shadows of Pesser’s face to create a lively image that appears to exist in real space. Artist Name: Georges de La Tour Title: The Magdalen with the Smoking Flame Date: circa 1638-1640 Place Made: France Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Oil on canvas Dimensions: 46 1/16 x 36 1/8 in. (117 x 91. 76 cm) Credit Line: Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 320 This painting by the French artist Georges de la Tour was made around 1638-40. De la Tour’s style reflects Caravaggio, an artist who used light in a very innovative way. He represented the light itself in the picture, and here De la Tour does the same thing. In this painting, the Magdalen is seated looking at a candle, and you see the shadows cast by that flame onto the figure and the environment. That which seems to us a very simple idea was a great innovation in the early part of the 17th century. Many artists following the example of Caravaggio in Italy did this,and the style was also adopted in other parts of Europe. De La Tour’s work is very rare. There are perhaps only 50 paintings known to be by him in the world, and the painting at LACMA is one of the very finest examples. Georges de La Tour painted four versions of Mary Magdalene, the courtesan who was absolved of sin through her faith in Christ. Here she appears in retreat from the world, contemplating the suffering of Christ and her own mortality, symbolized by the skull that she cradles in her lap. By turning her away from the viewer, using dramatic lighting, geometric simplicity, and monumentality, La Tour created an atmosphere of calm that emphasizes her penitence. Artist Name: Picano, Francesco; Vaccaro, Lorenzo Title: Saint Michael Casting Satan into Hell Date: 1705 Place Made: Italy, Naples Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Polychromed wood with glass Dimensions: 52 1/2 x 27 1/4 x 24 3/4 in. (133. 35 x 69. 22 x 62. 87 cm) Credit Line: Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 328 Artist Name: Unknown Title: Pieta Date: circa 1725 Place Made: Spain, Seville or Cordoba (? ) Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Polychromed plaster, macerated linen fibers, gesso- or glue-soaked fabric, wood, papier-mache, glass and other materials Dimensions: 45 1/4 x 44 1/2 x 33 in. (115 x 113 x 84 cm) Credit Line: Purchased with funds provided by Eugene V. Klein and Mary Jones-Gaston in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Stone Jones, by exchange Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 328 Artist Name: John Cheere Title: The Capitoline Isis Date: 1767 Place Made: England Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Painted plaster Dimensions: 76 x 23 x 18 in. (193. 04 58. 42 x 45. 72 cm) Credit Line: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Archie Preissman Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 305 Artist Name John Deare Title Judgment of Jupiter Date 1786-1787 Place Made Rome Collection Area European Painting and Sculpture Medium Marble relief Dimensions 58 1/4 x 117 1/4 in. (148 x 297. 82 cm) Credit Line Gift of Anna Bing Arnold Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 305 John Deare, an English sculptor who spent his entire professional career in Rome, was commissioned by the Royal Academy to make this relief for an exhibition in 1787. In style and subject matter it reflects the neoclassical taste for perfection. The philosophers of the Age of Reason believed that man and society, through the systematic study and emulation of both classical learning and arts, could return to a Golden Age paralleling that of classical antiquity. Deares relief embodies this ideal. In conclusion when we start with polytheism we know that it focus’s on the many gods and how it affected the way that art was make. Then how it move to monotheism. The way the culture will dictate how art was made and view throughout society.

The Effects of Macro

The Effects of Macro Executive Summary Macro-economic factors are factors that affect the wider financial systems such as national, regional, or international economies. These factors span across the whole economy.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effects of Macro-Economic Factors on the Property Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They affect all industries or many markets. Some of the macroeconomic factors that have an effect on the main industries and economies include unemployment rate, inflation, the Gross Development Product, and interest rates. The property market in any economy constitutes one of the most important means of livelihood for many households. The housing or real estate industry in particular is important, with households spending a significant amount of their income to pay for the services provided. One of the most important developments that led to this paper’s focus on property markets is the sub-pr ime crisis in the USA that led to the global economic crisis (Vargas-Silva 2007, p. 998). Many economies around the world were affected, thus leading to the stringent measures put in place to control the macroeconomic factors that influence property markets. Some of the factors discussed in this paper include unemployment that has a negative impact on the property market. A rise in inflation causes a negative performance on property markets, similar to the situation that occurs after a rise in interest rates. On the other hand, the increase in GDP for a country is found to have a positive effect on property markets in the long-term for nations. These factors are tightly controlled by administrations in different countries and regions. They have the ability of changing the performance of any economy. The essay therefore discusses these factors and their effects on property markets. Unemployment Macroeconomic factors are not specific to any individual market. They include unemployment rates, the Gross Development Product (GDP), and price indices such as inflation among others. These factors have critical effects on the property markets. The performance of this sector is dependent on them much more than most other industries and markets. The property market mainly constitutes the housing market where the housing services are provided based on the factors of demand and supply (Zuh 2003). The goods and services markets are very subjective to elasticity in most instances. The property market is one that is inelastic especially in the housing supply (Vargas-Silva 2007, p. 998). Housing and the property markets are some of the major spending sources for many families. The changes in prices for this market are likely to have a major effect on families and in turn the national and regional economies. These changes in prices of property markets are therefore a major concern for individuals, governments, and other institutions. The supply in the property markets is not ad justable in the short run. Whenever there is an increase in expectations of capital gains from investments in this market, the result is an increased demand and high volatility in the prices.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An example of the volatility in the property markets is the 2007 crisis in the United States. This predicament started initially as a boom in the mortgage markets in the country (Vargas-Silva 2007, p. 998). The resultant crisis in the mortgage market led to the institution of several measures to contain it, with those involved expressing hope that it was just a simple and small incident. Despite the efforts, the same year saw the widespread housing market downturn in the United States, which later developed into an international crisis (Agnello Schuknecht 2011). Since the onset of this crisis, governments all over the world have put more measu res to prevent a repeat of the same. The data on prices in the property markets is one of the most monitored data by the central banks. Macroeconomic factors such as unemployment and inflation are also a significant influence on property markets. In the past number of years, there has been an attempt by governments all over the world to control these macroeconomic factors to manage the prices of property markets. The housing sector is one of the markets that have become controlled in an attempt to influence the macroeconomic factors and their effects on the economy. These controls are in the form of monetary and fiscal policies. The unemployment rate in any nation or region is a major factor affecting property markets. When the number of people unemployed is high, fewer people provide the markets for the property market. Less capital is available for investment in this area. Regions with the highest unemployment tend to have poor performance in the property market. When unemployment is high, a large number of people may not be able to buy the property. This means that investors in the industry can only provide enough housing and property for those that are able to afford. This effect is cyclical, thus leading to more unemployment since builders are laid off since there is less property trading. High unemployment also acts in demand and supply chain, thus driving down demand and consequently the prices of properties in the unemployment areas. Another effect of unemployment on the property markets is foreclosure. Unemployment means that more people are unable to pay their mortgages. More and more properties come on sale to avoid the foreclosures. With more property for sale being present in the market, prices in the property markets also drop, thus contributing further to the poor performance of this industry. With high unemployment, job security becomes an issue, with the prospective market clients losing faith and trust in mortgages in the fear that they would not be able to pay them in the future due to the likelihood of being unemployed too (Gervais 2002). The risk-taking aspect of mortgages reduces, with less people getting involved in the purchase of the properties, thus leading to price changes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Effects of Macro-Economic Factors on the Property Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More High employment, on the other hand, has the effect of driving prices up in the property markets. More people can afford housing and other properties. The high demand influences the supply chain in a positive manner, thus leading to the increase in prices. More builders are also required since more units of property increase in demand. This situation too drives down the unemployment, thus leading to a cyclic effect already suggested. The increased ability to buy property also results in more people also investing in mortgages. Inflation Inflation is another significant factor affecting the property market. It is a subject of government and central bank control to ensure that the market stays productive. Inflation is the level with which prices increase in general in a particular economy. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) has been a reliable indicator of the price increment. When a calculation of the actual inflation is desired, the CPI is created using a group of consumer goods that have been awarded different weights for the average household in the nation or region (Jud Winkler 2002). Inflation has a major effect on property markets. It has had this effect in a number of nations. The defining factor on this effect is the unpredictability of the value. The effects depend on whether inflation was unexpected or expected. If inflation is expected in a particular market such as the property market, the market players have ways of preparing for the expected outcomes, which mainly involve putting in place appropriate measures to preve nt possible losses. If inflation hits the market unexpectedly, the mortgage owners can be at an advantage since their property loses value. They, therefore, have a relatively cheaper loan to pay (Follain 1981). There are other suggested effects of inflation on property markets, including the fact that increased inflation reduces people’s incentive to invest more in the property market, thus lowering demand in the market (Feldstein 1992, p. 254). Increased inflation also lowers the demand for housing and any other property based on the resultant increase in the nominal housing payments (Kearl 1979, p. 3). Positive performance of the economy and lower inflation rates are known to result in lower demand for properties and housing. The result is increased prices for the industry.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Greece joined the European Monetary Union, with the result of this venture being the added performance of the property markets. Some of the factors that led to the positive performance of the property markets in Greece include the low inflation rate because of competition in the banking industry and the policy by the EMU to have high capital mobility (Cocco 2005, p. 356). The country also attracted more investors in the property markets because of the reduced inflation and the better performance of the economy after the integration into the EMU. Gross Development Product (GDP) The Gross Development Product (GDP) of a country can be described as the product of adding the economic value in a specific country done by organisations. This national value is generated from the subtraction of the sale price from the production cost by the various key national market actors, with the result of this being the total value added in the process (Cocco 2005, p. 356). It is important while calcula ting the GDP of a particular country to analyse the demographic characteristics present in population since this information provides an indicator of the likely future performance. Some of these important demographic factors in the population include the ages and their distribution in the workforce. A combination of the demographic factors and the economic structures provide a reliable indicator of the future GDP. The GDP of a particular country is an important determinant of prices and performance of the property markets in this nation. A better GDP means that the economy is performing better. This translates to the better performance of the property markets as well as other markets in the country. There are many examples in the world where the GDP has been an influence for the property markets. The developed nations often have better-performing markets because of their better GDP. An example of how the GDP affects property market performance is France, after the global economic cr isis. As discussed above, the global economic crisis originated in the US. It was referred to as the US sub-prime crisis (Vargas-Silva 2007, p. 998). Because of the crisis, the GDP of France grew negatively, â€Å"from the second quarter of 2008 to the first quarter of 2009, that is four consecutive quarters of negative growth† (Ferrara Vigna 2009, p. 2). The same period saw a drop in the building permits given by authorities by about 18.7% compared to the same period a year before (Ferrara Vigna 2009, p. 2). The country saw a drop in demand in property markets, with this situation being attributable to the poor performance in terms of the GDP. This serves as a proof that the GDP is an important determinant of performance in the property markets. Interest Rates Another key determinant of the performance of the property markets is the interest rates that exist within a particular nation or economy. The interest rate can be defined as the price incurred when a party is borrow ing money. Interest rates are applied in the finance industry. The participation of borrowers and lenders in equilibrium leads to the determination of the rate. When inflation is high, value of money reduces. Consequently, borrowers in the system demand more interest for compensation in the value lost in the process. The property markets are influenced by the interest rates since high interest rates lead to reduced investment in housing investment as compared to the fixed income assets (Cocco 2005, p. 536). A short-term increase in the interest rate, however, has the effect of lowering demand in the property markets, while increasing the prices of materials used in the industry. The result of this situation is the poor performance of the market. Conclusion In conclusion, several macro-economic factors affect the performance of property markets in any industry. Some of the factors that are discussed include the unemployment rate, inflation in any economy, the Gross Development Produc t, and interest rates. These factors have an observed effect mainly on prices in the property industry. References Agnello, L Schuknecht, L 2011, ‘Booms and busts in housing markets: Determinants and implications’, J. Housing Econ, vol. 4 no. 1. pp. 65-87. Cocco, F 2005, ‘Portfolio Choice in the Presence of Housing’, The Review of Financial Studies, vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 535-567. Feldstein, M 1992, ‘Comment on James M. Poterba’s paper, tax reform and the housing market in the late 1980s : who knew what, and when did they know it?’, Real Estate and Credit Crunch, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Conference Series, vol. 36 no. 1, pp. 252-257. Ferrara, L Vigna, O 2009, Cyclical relationships between GDP and housing market in France: Facts and Factors at Play, Banque de France, France. Follain, R 1981, ‘Does inflation affect real behaviour? The case of housing’, Southern Economic Journal, vol. 48 no. 1. pp. 570-582. Gervais, M 2002 , ‘Housing Taxation and Capital Accumulation’, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 49 no. 7, pp. 1461-89. Jud, D Winkler, D 2002, ‘The Dynamics of Metropolitan Housing Prices,† Journal of Real Estate Research’, vol. 23 no. 1-2, pp. 29-45. Kearl, H 1979, ‘Inflation, mortgages, and housing’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 87 no. 1, pp. 1-29. Vargas-Silva, C 2007, ‘Monetary policy and the US housing market: A VAR analysis imposing sign restrictions’, Journal of Macroeconomics, vol. 30 no. 1, pp. 997-990. Zuh, H 2003, The Importance of Property Markets for Monetary Policy and Financial Stability, BIS Working Paper 21, MacMillan, London.

List of Shakespearean Sonnets

List of Shakespearean Sonnets Shakespeare left behind 154 of the most wonderfully written sonnets. This list of Shakespearean Sonnets indexes them all with links to study guides and original texts. The list is broken down into three sections: The Fair Youth Sonnets, Dark Lady Sonnets, and the so-called Greek Sonnets. Fair Youth Sonnets (Sonnets 1 – 126) The first segment of Shakespeare’s sonnets has become known as the fair youth sonnets. The poet dotes on an attractive young man and believes that his beauty can be preserved through poetry. When the fair youth ages and eventually dies, his beauty will still be captured in the words of the sonnets listed below. This deep, loving friendship sometimes verges on a sexual infatuation, and the nature of the doting is open to debate. Perhaps it is a female speaker, evidence of Shakespeare’s homosexuality, or simply a close friendship.   1: From Fairest Creatures We Desire Increase 2: When Forty Winters Shall Besiege Thy Brow 3: Look In Thy Glass, And Tell The Face Thou Viewest4:  Unthrifty Loveliness, Why Dost Thou Spend 5:  Those Hours, That With Gentle Work Did Frame6:  Then Let Not Winters Ragged Hand Deface7: Lo! In The Orient When The Gracious Light 8:  Music To Hear, Why Hearst Thou Music Sadly?9: Is It For Fear To Wet A Widows Eye10: For Shame Deny That Thou Bearst Love To Any11: As Fast As Thou Shalt Wane, So Fast Thou Grow 12:  When I Do Count The Clock That Tells Time13:  O! That You Were Your Self, Buy, Love, You Are14: Not From The Stars Do I My Judgement Pluck 15:  When I Consider Everything That Grows16:  But Wherefore Do Not You A Mightier Way17:  Who Will Believe In My Verse In Time To Come18: Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day? 19: Devouring Time, Blunt Thou The Lions Paw 20: A Womans Face With Natures Own Hand Painted21: So It Is Not With Me As With That Muse 22: My Glass Shall Not Persuade Me I Am Old 23:  As An Unperfect Actor On The Stage24: Mine Eye Hath Playd The Painter and Hath Steeld25:  Let Those Who Are In Favour With Their Stars26:  Lord Of My Love, To Whom In Vassalage27: Weary With Toil, I Haste To My Bed28: How Can I Then Return I Happy Plight29: When In Disgrace With Fortune and Mens Eyes30:  When To The Sessions Of Sweet Silent Thought31: Thy Bosom Is Endeared With All Hearts32: If Thou Survive My Well-Contented Day33:  Full Many A Glorious Morning I Have Seen34: Why Didst Thou Promise Such A Beauteous Day35:  No More Be Grieved At That Which Thou Hast Done36: Let Me Confess That We Two Must Be Twain37:  As A Decrepit Father Takes Delight38: How Can My Muse Want Subject To Invent39:  O! How Thy Worth With Manners May I Sing 40: Take All My Loves, My Love, Yea Take Them All41:  Those Pretty Wrongs That Liberty Commits42: That Thou Hast It Is Not All My Grief43: When Most I Wink, Then Do Mine Eyes Best See 44:  If The Dull Substance Of My Flesh Wer e Thought45:  That Thou Hast It Is Not All My Grief 46: Mine Eye And Heart Are At A Mortal War47: Betwixt Mine Eye And Heart A League Is Took48:  How Careful Was I When I Took My Way49: Against That Time, If Ever That Time Come50:  How Heavy Do I Journey On The Way51: Thus Can My Love Excuse The Slow Offence 52:  So Am I As The Rich, Whose Blessed Key53:  What Is Your Substance, Whereof Are You Made54:  O! How Much More Doth Beauty Beauteous Seem55:  O! Not Marble, Nor The Gilded Monuments56: Sweet Love, Renew Thy Force; Be It Not Said57: Being Your Slave What Should I Do But Tend58:  That God Forbid, That Made Me First Your Slave59:  If There Be Nothing New, But That Which Is60:  Like As The Waves Make Towards The Pebbled Shore61: Is It Thy Will, Thy Image Should Keep Open62:  Sin Of Self-love Possesseth All Mine Eye63:  Against My Love Shall Be As I Am Now64:  When I Have Seen By Times Fell Hand Defacd65:  Since Brass, Nor Stone, Nor Earth, Nor Boundless Sea66:  Tired For All These, For restful Death I Cr y67:  Ah! Wherefore With Infection Should He Live 68:  In Days Long Since, Before These Last So Bad69:  Those Parts Of Thee That The Worlds Eye Doth View 70: That Thou Art Blamed Shall Not Be Thy Defect 71:  No Longer Mourn For Me When I Am Dead72:  O! Lest The World Should Task You To Recite73:  That Time Of Year Thou Mayst In Me Behold74: But Be Contented When That Fell Arrest 75:  So Are You To My Thoughts As Food To Life76:  Why Is My Verse So Barren Of New Pride77: Thy Glass Will Show Thee How Thy Beauties Wear 78: So Oft Have I Invoked Thee For My Muse79: Whilst I Alone Did Call Upon Thy Aid 80: O! How I Faint When I Do Write Of You 81: Or I Shall Live Your Epitaph To Make 82: I Grant Thou Wert Not Married To My Muse 83: I Never Saw That You Did Painting Need 84: Who Is It That Says Most, Which Can Say More 85: My Tongue-Tied Muse In Manners Holds Her Still 86: Farewell! Thou Art Too Dear For My Possessing 87: Farewell! Thou Art Too Dear For My Possessing 88: When Thou Shalt Be Disposd To Set Me Light 89: Say Tha t Thou Didst Forsake Me For Some Fault 90: Then Hate Me When Thou Wilt; If Ever, Now 91: Some Glory In Their Birth, Some In Their Skill 92: But Do Thy Worst To Steal Thyself Away 93: So Shall I Live, Supposing Thou Art True 94: They That Have Power To Hurt, And Will Do None95: How Sweet And Lovely Dost Thou Make The Shame 96: Some Say Thy Fault Is Youth, Some Wantonness 97: How Like A Winter Hath My Absence Been 98: From You Have I Been Absent In The Spring 99: The Forward Violet Thus Did I Chide 100: Where Art Thou, Muse, That Thou Forgetst So Long 101: O Truant Muse, What Shall Be Thy Amends 102: My Love Is Strengthend, Though More Weak In Seeming 103: Alack, What Poverty My Muse Brings Forth 104: To Me, Fair Friend, You Never Can Be Old 105: Let Not My Love Be Called Idolatry 106: When In The Chronicle Of Wasted Time 107: Not Mine Own Fears, Nor The Prophetic Soul108: Whats In The Brain That Ink May Character 109: O! Never Say That I Was False Of Heart 110: Alas! Tis True, I Have Gone Here And There111: O For My Sake D o You With Fortune Chide 112: Your Love And Pity Doth Th Impression Fill 113: Since I Left You, Mine Eye Is In My Mind 114: Or Whether Doth My Mind, Being Crowned With You 115: Those Lines That I Before Have Writ Do Lie 116: Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds 117: Accuse Me Thus: That I Have Scanted All 118: Like As To Make Our Appetites More Keen 119: What Potions Have I Drunk Of Siren Tears 120: That You Were Once Unkind Befriends Me Now 121: Tis Better To Be Vile Than Vile Esteemed 122: Thy Gift, Thy Tables, Are Within My Brain 123: Thy Pyramids Built Up With Newer Might 124: If My Dear Love Were But The Child Of State 125: Weret Ought To Me I Bore The Canopy 126: O Thou, My Lovely Boy, Who In Thy Powr Dark Lady Sonnets (Sonnets 127 – 152) The second segment of Shakespeare’s sonnets has become known as the Dark Lady Sonnets. A mysterious woman enters the narrative in Sonnet 127, and immediately attracts the poet’s attention.   Unlike the fair youth, this woman is not physically beautiful. Her eyes are â€Å"raven black† and she is â€Å"not born fair†. She is described as evil, a temptress and a bad angel. All good reasons to earn a reputation as the dark lady. She is perhaps having an illicit affair with the fair youth, perhaps explaining the poet’s jealousy. Sonnet 127: In The Old Age Black Was Not Counted Fair Sonnet 128: How Oft When Thou, My Music, Music PlaystSonnet 129: Th Expense Of Spirit In A Waste Of Shame Sonnet 130: My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun Sonnet 131: Thou Art As Tyrannous, So As Thou Art Sonnet 132: Thine Eyes I Love, And They, As Pitying Me Sonnet 133: Beshrew That Heart That Makes My Heart To Groan Sonnet 134: So Now I Have Confessed That He Is Thine Sonnet 135: Whoever Hath Her Wish, Thou Hast Thy Will Sonnet 136: If Thy Soul Check Thee That I Come So Near Sonnet 137: Thou Blind Fool, Love, What Dost Thou To Mine Eyes Sonnet 138: When My Love Swears That She Is Made Of Truth Sonnet 139: O! Call Not Me To Justify The Wrong Sonnet 140: Be Wise As Thou Art Cruel Sonnet 141: In Faith I Do Not Love You With Mine Eyes Sonnet 142: Love Is My Sin, And Thy Dear Virtue Hate Sonnet 143: Lo, As A Careful Housewife Runs To Catch Sonnet 144: Two Loves I Have Of Comfort And Despair Sonnet 145: Those Lips That Loves Own Hand Did Make Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, The Centre Of My Sinful Earth Sonnet 147: My Love Is As A Fever Longing Still Sonnet 148: O Me! What Eyes Hath Love Put In My Head Sonnet 149: Canst Thou, O Cruel! Say I Love Thee Not Sonnet 150: O! From What Power Hast Thou This Powerful Might Sonnet 151: Love Is Too Young To Know What Conscience Is Sonnet 152: In Loving Thee Thou Kowst I Am Forsworn The Greek Sonnets (Sonnets 153 and 154) The final two sonnets of the sequence are very different from the others. They move away from the narrative described above and instead draw upon ancient Greek myths. Sonnet 153: Cupid Laid by his Brand, and Fell AsleepSonnet 154: The Little Love-God Lying Once Asleep

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The health effects of cannabis marijuana - Essay Example This damage is similar in severity to the damage of those who suffer from lung cancer (Zimmer & Morgan, 2007, p. 20). The mildest respiratory effects of the consumption of marijuana include bronchitis, exacerbated phlegm production as well as emphysema. A study revealed that 36% of patients admitted to the hospital in the United States with flue-like symptoms were suffering from the side effects of consuming marijuana (Tashkin et al., 2004, p. 2). Moreover, in severe cases, heavy marijuana users may develop lethal complications. Hence, a massive Swedish study in 2013 has identified that 40 years of marijuana consumption double the risk of having lung cancer (Callaghan et al., 2013, pp. 1811-1820). Moreover, has a disastrous effect on cardiovascular system. Therefore, marijuana accelerates heartbeat and may provoke inflammatory processes in blood vessels. Moreover, a group of researchers from Birmingham, UK, has concluded that marijuana is likely to increase the risk of arrhythmias as well as causes dizziness and provokes falls (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2009, pp. 851-856). Furthermore, due to ethical concerns, the studies aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of marijuana and reproduction. The studies conducted on primates revealed that with the chronic consumption of marijuana sperm count decreased by a margin of 61% in males. Fertility in females decreased by up to 53%. Moreover, even with the surviving sperm cells their motility and ability to fertilize egg cells was significantly degraded (Zimmerman & Raj, 2007, p. 10). Krishnamoorthy, S., Lip, G., & Lane, D. (2009). Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use as Precipitants of Atrial Fibrillation in Young Adults: A Case Series and Literature Review.  The American Journal of Medicine,  122(9), 851-856. Zimmerman, S. & Raj, A. Y. (2007). Effects of cannabinoids on spremtogenesis in mice. In G. G. Nahas and W. D. M. Paton

Inresume and cover letter, find a job opening that looks interesting, Case Study

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Job interview - Essay Example This shows that Baqer is capable of handling tasks that require quick decision making. As a panel an interviewer, I feel that the Baqer Alhashimdid is fit for the job. Baqer Alhashimdid’s questions were technical and they required much thought before answering. The questions focused on one’s ability to make effective decisions fast. Baqer Alhashimdid’s questions were well formulated and could have helped in evaluating how much the interviewee would be able to deal with situations that involved dealing with problems that involved teamwork as is always the case in most organizations. Generally, the questions asked adequately challenging and effective in determining the potential of a person in handling a wide range of situations. As an energy manager, Baqer Alhashimdid’s always has to be competent in ensuring that the organization’s energy supply is reliable. This means that he must be well equipped with various mechanisms that help in the provision of energy taking into consideration the need for back-up energy sources. Having worked in a capacity that involved operations and maintenance scheduling, he is bound to help the company prepare for emergencies that may arise related to his department. As a good team player, he is bound to keep his staff motivated and in providing solutions in the event that conflicts

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 4 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 4 SLP - Essay Example The formulation of the strategies that are implemented by Clipboard on the basis of CVP (Cost, Volume, Profit) analysis will also be discussed. In order to determine the revised strategy to be used in regards to the pricing of these three tablets, R & D allocations, and any product discontinuations for the different ranges of tablets in the company, a CVP analysis must be done. A CVP analysis is regarded as a tool that is chiefly used for planning purposes, in addition to making valuable decisions, and furthermore is considered to be a powerful instrument in devising future plans for the company as well as increasing the sale of the products of the company itself. One major advantage of this tool is that it enables the company to make the appropriate decisions as well as planning for developing the three products in the business market at the beginning of the initial year, in this case 2012 (The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011). The strategy of CVP analysis is generally used for calculat ing the break-even point, as well as determining the prices for attaining substantial profits by increasing the sale of the products themselves (Cambridge Business Publishers, 2005). As such, with the assistance of CVP analysis, the company is required to formulate certain strategies and generate plans that will allow for the profitability and productivity to exceed in comparison to their competitors. Product X5 The X5 has been on the market for five years at the time of this projection and analysis; it is said to have reached its stage of maturity. It is for these reasons that once the product hit 77% market saturation, it was determined to discontinue the product itself, as the only sales that would be generated would be for those who were buying replacement products; each year leading up to discontinuation showed a lowering in price in order to increase sales of the product itself. The results of this and the price points used are shown in a graph below. Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 Price 285 280 260 Discontinued Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 Installed Base 1,917,729 3,395,970 5,430,339 7,035,000 Remaining Customers 5,117,271 3,639,030 1,604,661 0 Market Saturation 27% 48% 77% 100% First Time Customers 1,478,241 2,034,369 1,604,661 0 Repeat sales 169,352 297,701 473,236 0 Total Sales 1,647,592 2,332,070 2,077,898 0 Product X6 The X6 has been on the market for a period of five years, and the decision to discontinue it for 2016 was made due to market saturation. In each year leading up to this, the price point was decreased in order to increase sales. At the end of the simulation, it was seen that customers pay about the same price for these products as they are for similar competing products, showing that prices and projections are well within adequate ranges. Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 Price 430 425 405 395 (X6) Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 Installed Base 1,066,018 2,238,333 4,209,188 6,550,000 Remaining Customers 5,483,982 4,311,667 2,340,812 0 Market Saturati

Firms Actions in Increasing Its Profitability and Producing High Qual Assignment

Firms Actions in Increasing Its Profitability and Producing High Quality Products - Assignment Example The theory of a firm ensures that it regulates all the above-named factors in the company to ensure that they lead to the success of this firm. This principle focuses on using cheap and available inputs in the production processes since they reduce the cost incurred during production. They are also concerned with the methods that are used by the firm in the production process. For example, the products produced must be of very high quality since this principle is able to equalize on the inputs. This theory articulates that all the firms will realize a great profit if they produce goods up to the point where the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost, whereas, the firm consumes all its factors of production to the point where the cost of production is at par with the marginal revenue. The theory is known to be the best in identifying the future of the firm, ensuring that it makes enough profit with time. The theory ensures that it studies the structure of the company and improves its relationship with the market for it to succeed in the future. The theory is also effective in answering some other economic questions such as how different firms come to emerge and grow in the economy, relationships between different firms and the markets, and how to improve the performance of a firm through its actions. The theory of a firm economic principle is very effective in ensuring that the costs incurred in the production process do not also exceed the earnings after production to prevent losses. The model balances between the internal and external transactions in every firm ensuring that the firm is able to grow with time (Suà ¡rez 2012). For example, it is through this principle whereby the external transactions are always made to cost higher compared to the internal transactions for the firm to grow. There are various economic principles, which can be used to explain why the prices of maize fluctuated greatly over the period in the past five years.     

God and Morality Essay Example for Free

God and Morality Essay The question is this – Is it possible to be of good moral character while not believing in God? Looking at the definition of morality as defined in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy the term morality can be used descriptively or actively. A] to refer to some code of conduct put forward by a society or some other group such as religious. Or put forward by a society and is acceptable to an individual for his or her own behavior. B] to refer to a code of conduct that, given specific conditions would be put forward by all rational persons. Morality appears to be separate from religion and although not spoken of or referred to as such there are different groups of moral persons, not all are viewed as good or just. Some examples may include Christian morality, Nazi morality, Greek morality etc. At times etiquette is included as part of morality. Hobbs expresses a standard view when he talks about manners. â€Å"By manners I mean not here decency of behavior, as how one man should salute another, or how a man should wash his mouth or pick his teeth before company and such other parts of small morals, but those qualities of mankind that concern their living together in peace and unity. † (Hobbs, 2010). The laws and our legal system is distinguished by a moral system that includes having written laws or rules, penalties and officials to make the laws and enforce God and Morality pg. 3 the laws and then penalize. Laws are often evaluated on moral grounds. Moral critisism is often used to support a change in a current law or to design a new law. Religion differs from morality or having a moral system. Religious morality is based on stories or events that are past. These stories and events are used to justify the behavior that religion prohibits or requires. At times morality is regarded as the code of conduct that is put forward by religion. Morality is thought by many to need some religious explanation or justification. However, just as with law some practices and precepts are critical on moral grounds. Morals provide us with a guide for conduct, where as religion is always more than that. The definition and description of morality tells us that morality is a belief system that follows the rule of â€Å"goodness†. It is similar to a â€Å"blanket† over society and is separate from religion. Even in these times morality is always in question. In an article written by a Baltimore Sun journalist titled â€Å"The Morality Brigade. † The writer expresses his opinion onto his readers stating that â€Å"We’re still legislating and regulating private morality, while at the same time ignoring the much larger crisis of public morality in America. † (Reich, R. 2013) He continues on to back up his accusations. He writes that legislatures in North Dakota passed a bill banning abortions after 6 weeks. (At which time a heart beat is detectable) as well as approved a fall referendum that could ban all abortions by defining human life beginning at the time of conception. He continues on that these same legislatures God and Morality pg. 4 â€Å"worry about fetuses but they show little concern for what happens to children after they are born. They and other conservatives have been cutting funding for child nutrition, health care for infants and their mothers, and schools. † (Reich, R. 2013). This is just an example of American Morality. So it seems that at this point I have defined what morality is and how it can be applied. I have also touched on Religion and Morality being a very separate entity. Now I will discuss God and Morals. It is very possible for a person to not believe in God and posses high moral standards. Understanding that the person being moral is not due to their belief in God, it is independent of that. Having a belief in God is dogmatic to say the least. There is no rational way to say that God exists. To believe in God one must bypass reason and embrace faith. This is ok if believing in God gives a person comfort and security, although if we tie God to morality it may become problematic. Something as important and influential as morality should not be based on a dogma. If there is no proof that God exists beyond a shadow of a doubt than why do people still believe? Indoctrinate plays more of a role than rational and clear thinking. Religious indoctrination caters to our psychological insecurities and needs, not to reason. Think of some things that we know do not exist. An example would be the tooth fairy or maybe unicorns. We are proud to be skeptical and disapproving, however religion tells us when it comes to believing in God, faith is a virtue. God and Morality pg. 5. Morality is an autonomous human virtue that is independent of God. Otherwise, it would not be possible that atheists behave with impeccable moral standards and so many God believers do not have any morals. Let it also be noted that the great moral traditions of the world do not bring God into morality. Two of the most recognized and adored moral traditions in the east, Confucianism and Buddhism do not believe in God. The roots of morality in the west are in the idea of ancient Greeks, especially Plato and Aristotle who based their morality on reason alone, not on any dogma. It appears that religions who originate in the Middle East have a pronounced inclination to base morality on God. These same religions are also the most violent ones in history, killing many in the name of God. There is no evidence that theists are more moral than monotheists. Physiological studies have failed to find a significant correlation between the frequency of religious worship and moral conduct. An example is that convicted criminals are much more likely to be theists than not. With this being said it is a clear assumption that good people do good because they want to do good. It is not because they personally benefit from the good they do or because they are being forced. Fundamentalists perceive that the universal moral standards are required for the proper function of a society. Philosophers as diverse as Plato, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, George Edward Moore, and John Rawls have demonstrated to us that it is possible to have universal morality without having a belief in God. God and Morality pg. 6 As is stated by Paul Kurtz â€Å"One needs no theological grounds to justify these elementary principles. They are rooted in Human experience. † (Kurtz, P.1996) Now we will discuss that morality and God are linked and that religious beliefs are linked to the morality of each and every person who chooses to live their life in a moral way. If God does not exist, says Dostoyevsky’s Ivan Karamazov, â€Å"everything is permitted,† which means that we as humans can make choices whether they are good or bad, hurtful or nice. The direction in which society is going in suggests that people have lost their â€Å"way†. Too many bad things happen due to human badness. God is no longer allowed in public places, schools, government agencies, etc. This argument suggests that because God has slowly disappeared from our day to day lives society is going downhill at a very fast pace. Does this mean that God is linked to morals in our modern society? Fundamentalists claim that all ill’s in today’s society such as aids and out of wed lock pregnancy are a direct result of a breakdown in morality and this breakdown is due to a decline in the belief in God. The view that God created the moral law is often called the â€Å"Divine Command Theory of Ethics† According to this view is that what makes an action right is that God wills it to be done. All standards that we live by have consequences if not followed or adhered to. There is the fear of punishment. If we speed in our car we are given a ticket. If we God and Morality pg. 7 Sin our souls will spend eternity in hell. Heaven and Hell are often construed as the carrot and the stick that God dangles in front of to make us tow the line, to keep on the straight and narrow. Heaven is the reward and hell is the punishment. Would society be able to function correctly and morally if these rewards and punishments were not in plain view? We have lawmakers and peacekeepers all over the world to help make and enforce the laws so that people know there are consequences. Morals are no different. They help define a person’s goodness and worthiness of the ultimate reward, eternity in heaven. Moral standards without moral sanctions just simply do not mean much. Any person who thinks that it is sufficient to have relative standards that are based upon what groups or individuals feel is right or just cannot see a connection between God and morality. Moral principles such as don’t steal, don’t murder etc.must be objective and practiced by all putting aside any personal conflicts. When people accept moral principles without having a reason to they do not hold these principles as closely as someone who believes in God simply because there are no carrot or stick to hold them in place where they need to be, rather a personal belief or a mandated belief by societal rules in what is right or wrong If we recognize that God does exist than we recognize that God created the world and mankind in his own likeness. For this argument it makes sense to say that God controls the world which justifies ethical obligations. To deny God’s existence we God and Morality pg. 8 Are ethically obligated to what exactly? We typically learn morality from our parents and from those we love, we are conditioned to follow a morally righteous path in life, however to have such a standard of moral obligation can only be granted by God, binding every person and demanding such impeccable respect. By letting God into our lives we are accepting good instead of evil, we are consummating the fact that we are moral and ethical. By allowing God’s teachings and praise into our lives we are promised a more enriching morally accepted life. My view prior to doing any research was that Yes! You can lead a moral life without having a belief in God. I was raised Catholic, I even went to Catholic school, however, I have questioned my own religion over the years and now I have turned my back on it. I do bring my children to church which allows them to draw their own conclusions about God. I want them to have that choice in life and of course I would never condemn them for believing in God. It is just my personal choice. I live in the Bible belt and I always get asked the question, â€Å"where do you go to church? † I typically tell them that I do not go to church, which is similar to having the plague. It is not that I am not a good person. I feel that I am. Any morals and values that I have my parents have instilled in me. I also believe that the â€Å"rules† or commandments of God are simply a guide established at the time the bible was written to keep society in line. I absolutely agree with the fact of you do not have to believe in God to be moral. I make choices everyday and my choices are based on God and Morality pg. 9the things that I believe to be the best choice for the people I love, people I do not know and myself. I have never had any problems reaching out to help another person whether I knew them or not. I also feel that I go above and beyond at times helping others when I need to. Living a good moral life is a choice and I do it for no other reason than to be there for someone else. I do not do it for glory or self righteousness, or because someone is looking, I do it because for me it is all about treating others the way I wish to be treated. God and Morality pg. 10 References Baumin, S. (2008) Antitheism and Morality. Philosophical Forum retrieved March 27, 2013 from http://dx. doi. org/10. 111/j. 1467-9191. 2007. 00282. x Frame and Poythress. A debate between John Frame and Paul Kurtz. Do we Need God to be Moral? retrieved March 25,, 2013 from http:// poythress. org/do-we-need-god-to-be-moral/ Gert, Bernard. (2012) The Definition of Morality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalto (ed. ), retrieved March 27, 2013 from http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition. Merrill, K. R. (2012) Spectres of False Divinity:Hume’s Moral Atheism. Retrieved March 25, 2013 from http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/docview/1288432167. accountid=32521 Reich, R. B. (2013)The Morality Brigade retrieved March 27,2013 from http://baltimoresun. com/opinion/bal-the-morality-brigade-20130326,0,146487 God and Morality pg. 11 Schick, T. Jr. (1995)Morality Requires God†¦. or Does it? Retrieved March 25, 2013 from http://www. secular. humanism. org/index. php? section=librarypage=schick_17_3.

The Merger Emotions Syndrome

The Merger Emotions Syndrome The merger syndrome is a phenomenon that illustrates employees reactions following the announcement of the MA deal. Merger syndrome is a word often useful to how employees respond to a merger (MARKS and Mirvis 1992, P70) that reflects the humor of the workforce. Merger syndrome is an ordinary response, and expected human reaction to a major corporate change. Most studies examining the human side of corporate mergers and acquisitions prove that disturbance and negative consequences are experienced by employees. Employees of the acquired company are more affected by the big changes that trigger negative effects and consequences, it not surprising that organization members going through a merger or an acquisition are shaken and respond with shock and strong emotional reactions (Appelbaum et al ..2000b; Dickmann, 2000; Marks and Mirvis, 1986). The literature describes a different spectrum of emotions in MA, employees go through a variety of emotional phases. The merger syndrome is characterized by a change of identity, higher centralization of decision making, less communication with the employee, high levels of stress, crisis management mode, a loss of identity, motivation and commitment, decreased productivity, feelings of insecurity and anxiety, mistrust. This especially occues if the individual is not able to view the upcoming changes as positive (Appelbaum et al, 200b;  Bruckman and peters,1987;Dickmann,2000;Marks,1999;Marks and Mirvis,1986;schlieper-Damrich,2000). These emotions bubbling over into family life can lead to frustration ,depression (Appelbaum et al ..2000b; Dickmann, 2000). The consequences of this emotional turmoil are decreased motivation, lower job satisfaction and reduced commitment toward the company. Cooperation become difficult and good team work almost impossibleand The best elements began to defect to other recruiting organizations . (Cartwright and Cooper,2000) Point out that With the acquisition by another company often a loss of idenity occurs because employee loses their work environment of rules, tasks and structures. in the same way, (Appelbaumet al..)state that Employees identification with their company and their commitment are therefore likely to change after such a major intervention in organizational life (Appelbaumet al..) This phenomenon of merger syndrome is most likely due to the fact that in the pre merger stage managers are expected to maintain silence on the upcoming decision, and therefore they are rather cautious not to reveal too much information prior to complete implementation (Marks, 1999). Managers tend to isolate themselves from employee in such situations because they do not know what to tell their staff or how to tell them (Gutknecht and keys ,1993;Marks,1999).and do not know how to handle employees emotions .for that reason, when managers correspond less with their employees during MAs ,though leads to doubts and mistrust. We can sum up that during the merger syndrome, employee are preoccupied with the impact of the amalgamation on themselves and their work .they expressed their resistance to the like hood of change if this phenomenon is left unmanaged it may result a cultural clash inside the new firm. The Merger-Emotions Syndrome: Mergers and acquisitions can be fear-provoking for employees and generate anxiety and stress. Hunsaker and Coombs (1988, 58) noticed particular expressed of emotional reactions experienced by employees during a merger or acquisition they have named this phenomenon the merger emotions syndrome. The Merger Emotions Syndrome: Hunsaker and Coombs (1988) have presented a nine-stage chronological model of employees emotional reactions in the course of a merger or acquisition, which illustrate the merger syndrome: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Denial. At first employees react to the announced merger with denial an that nothing will happen or that it will not change their work environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fear. When the merger becomes a reality employees begin to fear the unknown and Workers become preoccupied with job loss which lead to a decline in productivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Anger. Once employees feel that they have no control over the situation and that they cannot prevent Merger, they start to express anger towards those who are responsible. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sadness. Employees start to mourn the loss of corporate identity; they focus on the differences in the way the two companies operate and adopt a we versus them syndrome. They may feel nostalgia about the good old days of loyalty they provided to the company with many years of quality service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Acceptance. After an adequate grief period has elapsed, employees begin to recognize that resisting the situation would be worthless, and they start to accept reality and become optimistic. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Relief. Employees begin to realize that the situation is not unfavorable as they predicted and feel more settled in the new organization and become more comfortable to interact with employees from the other company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interest. As people become more secure in their new positions, they begin to look for the benefits of the new organization. They observe the situation as a challenge and seek to show their abilities and value in the organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Liking. Employees observe new opportunities and begin to like their job. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enjoyment. Employees express commitment to the organization and feel more relaxed and secure. Resistance is a perfectly legitimate response of a worker. Leigh (1988) Emotional reactions of employees: Resistance: the expected response to change People tend to resist change especially in the workplace .they may not understand what the changes entail,they may disagree with the reasons for making the changes,they may not appreciate the benefits,they may be afraid of losing something they value,they may be concerned that they wont have the skills and ability to handle the changesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.many people also tend to resist authority,for various reasons .resistance can do serious damage to morale ,dividing employees and causing frustration ,resnetment ,and distrust .Anne bruce(2002). Individuals differ generally in their openness and eagerness for change, some people thrive in the new environment while other are not, They prefer more stability and continuity. Regardless of people mind-set towards change, people normally do find that change produces anxiety. Employees involved in mergers are facing multitude of potential changes, these changes modify the person-environment relationship and cause several outcome that employees and managers must adapt. There are a numerous reasons why the reactions from employees are often seen as negative when facing a merger or an acquisition. The general reason behind the employees resistance is the insufficient information about the changes. The Employees expressed their feeling of fear and anxiety due to the uncertainties of change. Kyle (1993) claim that resistance is dependent upon two related factors ,the first one ,the degree of control an individual has over change and their ability to start, modify and stop the change, secondly ,the degree of impact of the change on individuals . The resistance is greater within the acquired organization since this often is the culture that has to throw away its traditions and routines. The resistance can be expressed in two kinds of reactions: In a Explicit way (disagreement,strike,)and Implicit way(loss of loyalty, lowering of morale ,absence, avoidance ,low tolerance) Mergers and acquisitions are nerve-racking events for employees of the merging firms. A merger or acquisition can sufficiently transform the structures, cultures, and employment prospects of one or both of the firms such that they cause organizational members to feel stressed, angry, disoriented, frustrated, confused, and even frightened (Buono, Nurick 1992: 19). Schweiger, Lee (1993) found in a study that employees in the acquired firm experience greater job insecurity than employees in the acquiring firm. Similarly, Lohrum (1997:a) states that the employees from the acquired firm often experience a higher uncertainty and resistance. Lohrum (1997:a) claim that resistance exists among all employees and appear due to lack of control, anger or frustration when decisions are being made without their involvement. Buono, Bowditch (1989: 108) depicted resistance As a result of the uncertainty, ambiguity, tension, and anxiety that organizational combinations can cause, they are frequently associated with decreased organizational satisfaction and commitment, increased turnover and absenteeism, power struggles among those managers who stay, and poorer job-related attitudes and performance for a significant proportion of the new firms work force. Larsson (1990) explains that the resistance to change can be seen in a collective aspect, as well as in an individual aspect, especially among the acquired employees. Cultural clashes are seen as a collective resistance and career uncertainties are connected to the individual resistance. Change itself is not the cause of resistance. Resistance is caused by how people perceive change. Managing Resistance to Change all change is a loss experience (Levinson, 1976). One of the most complex problems that face an organization today is resistance to change. Conducting change through an organization is one of the most critical and challenging responsibilities. Once the marriage is celebrated, issues come into sight especially the one concerning the employees who are experiencing the major change that the new entity is passing through. The employee and staff are experiencing a new life style they are losing the old way of doing thing and have to adapt to a new system, new culture, and new managers. The managers and leader of the company must be prepared to cope with employee feeling and behavior. Simply telling employees about the changes will never fully prepare them for the actual change. Managers need to identify why people resist change and how to counter their resistance. Bridges( 1991) and Levinson(1976) claim that Change is best handled when the parties involved know why the change is being implemented. The most fashionable solution to deal with resistance to change is to get people concerned to contribute in making change and encouraging them to think in diverse ways In order to effectively carry out the change plan, it is extremely important for the organizations management to recognize and handle resistance effectively. Beckhard and Pritchard (1992) explain how the management of a changing process with regard to the implementation of changes is vital for achieving new goals and strategies. The analyzing and planning of several areas is necessary to get the commitment to successfully perform an organizational change. Larsson (1990) considers three areas of action to be able to reduce the collective and Individual resistance to change: -Socialization is a mechanism that works for both improving the coordination of interaction and reducing collective employee resistance, this by enhancing the acculturation and creating common orientations. -Mutual considerations reduce the eventual conflicts that may arise by focusing on commonalties with an interest in the acquired firm, maintaining the employees integrity. This will avoid the dominance of one side and facilitate the exploration of both firms competence. -Human resource systems avoid individual resistance through job design, reward systems, personnel policies and career planning. To facilitate the integration and uncertainties among employees, Levinson (1970) emphasizes that the acquiring firm should tell the truth about all eventual changes that will occur due to the MA. Further, Beckhard Pritchard (1992) state that what is important is to manage resistance to change by changing negative energy into positive energy. The introduction of a change program to employees could facilitate the integration process. The program can help the employees to understand the need of the organization and how change affects the organization and the employees. Pritchett (1994) suggests avoiding encountered resistance by providing employees with a clear direction, complete with short and long term goals. The accomplishment of these goals helps employees to visualize that they are getting somewhere and will relieve them to get excited about the change. During change it is essential to identify, as precisely as possible, what is ending and who is losing what (Bridges, 1991). Employee reaction to change: Mirvis, Cartwright and cooper (1996) discuss four stages that employee go through in connection with mergers and acquisition: Stage 1: Disbelief and denial: typically, the individuals first reaction is extreme shock, which may result in denial from employee that the merger will take place despite circulating rumors. Even when the deal is concluded, individuals might still try to convince themselves that nothing will change. Stage2:anger through rage and resentment: when the real situation become more clear after realizing that the change will take place, individuals feeling might be replaced by anger or resentment towards old management and new merger entity. Stage 3: emotional bargaining: in this stage, uncertainty and fear increase about individual job future. Individuals become angry for not anticipating the event and feel nostalgic and resent commitment and loyalty invested in the past) which may lead to depression. Stage 4: acceptance: lastly, the workforce become aware that the past is gone, and that they must admit the new situation. In this stage, the employee still feel letting down by the old organization and can no longer be satisfied with the new system. Factors causing resistance to change : According to maubin et al.(2001) managers need to identify resistance in its various forms and learn to identify the underlying reasons for resistance surrounding the change. There are several factors causing resistance to change,and some of the most common reasons are stated below: Fear of unknown: mabin et al.(2001)explain that Such fear is due to uncertainty about the nature of change,feeling that one does not kown what is going on and what the futur holds Bovey and hede(2001)claim that resistance is an expected part of a change process,since change involves a move from the known to the unknown . Loss of control: mabin et al.(2001)explain the loss of control as perceiving that the change is being done to the person ,resulting in concerns that the person have no influence on the events taking place. moran and brightman(2001) clarifly that if change threatens a persons sense of being in control ,it will be perceived as a threat to survival. Loss of face: mabin et al.(2001):Feeling of embarassment as a result of change and discerning it in such a way that the things that one has done in the past were wrong Loss of competency: Mabin et al.(2001)claim that people fear that the existing skills and competencies will no longer of any use after the change has occurred. The possibility of losing their current jobs and the financial crisis that comes with that is of great concern. Cartwright and cooper(1996) further state that MA involve some employee turnover and competeny loss,partially due to the duplicity of staff members.the uncertainty of change will also encourage employees to seek employment elsewhere ,in order to regain the power of control,or because they doubt their ability to fit into the new organization. Need for security: Mabin et al.(2001)state that employees worry about their potential role and position be after the change has taken place. Appelbaumet al.(2000a) explain that people need to be treated with respect,to be identified with the new organization,to be accepte as members of the new team and to keep their status and prestige in the new organization. Poor timing: Mabin et al.(2001)state that the timing of the change might be poor,in the sense that people might feel surprised at a stage of changewhere employee feel already overworked. Hoag,ritschard,and cooper(2002)further state that some people might wish to secure the present situation before embarking on any new changes activity. Force of habit: According to Mabin et al.(2001)employee might feel comfort in the existing routines and habits and not liking to change the actual ways of doing things. Appelbaum et al.(2000a)clarify that they may have had many successes with the existing company ,and now they have to accept different ways of doing things and most of the time without being consulted. Marks(1997)continues by stating that employees will be exposed to multiple transitions. Reengineering, downsizing, leadership changes, shifts in strategy and other transitions typically overlap one another. Cartwright and cooper (1996) further discuss that employee will be concerned with issues such as a potential relocation or change of workload. Lack of support: Mabin et al.(2001)state that the lack of important support from direct supervisors and the organization ,or not having the correct resources to implement the change. Leaders need to learn how to support rather than to control and provide employees with the tools needed in order to work together and perform the changes . Nguyen and Kleimer (2003) claim that delays in communication can severely deteriorate the situation, and make employees feel apprehensive and even hostile toward the merger. Lack of confidence: Mabin et al.(2001) state that resistance might be a consequence of employees lack of confidence that the change outcome can be better than the situation before .Moran and Brightman (2001) claim that in any change situation ,people may fear that the loss will be greater than the gain ,which can take away any positive outcome that the Change might yield. Nguyen and Kleimer(2003) further argue that employee loyalty and perceptions of the organizations trustworthiness decreases in connection with the organizational changes. Marks(1997) claims that there is a natural tendency for people to exaggerate the differences as opposed to the similarities between the two companies. People tend to ascribe the differences to competing values and philosophies, and view their own company as superior and the other as backward, bureaucratic . Lingering resentment: Bovey and Hede(2001)point out that individuals differ in their ability and willingness towards change based on how the they perceive it. Mabin et al.(2001)argue that some employees become angry due to a lack of respect for the people involved or over the way one been treated during past change efforts. The lack of communication: A Communication entails the use of verbal and nonverbal signs and symbols to create understanding (Vecchio and Appelbaum, 1995). Acquisitions are synonymous with change, a destabilizing event affecting many people and often have a negative outcome on employee behavior resulting in absenteeism, low morale and job satisfaction. The announcement of an MA transaction generates uncertainty and ambiguity with frequent rumors that change the scene and a large proportion of merger failure is credited to employee problems. The communication during MA-transactions aims to decrease information deficits of employees, being informed should lower feelings of uncertainty of employees (Schweiger, DeNisi 1991). Through mergers and acquisitions, employees are seldom kept in distance from the MA transaction. Once a merger is announced ,the stress levels of employees begin to climb(schweiger and DeNisi,1991)and the lack of communication from top management lead to rumors and fake stories. Feldman (1991:p. 146,) stress that ambiguity begins in an organization when there is no clear interpretation of a phenomenon or set of events. And the main cause of ambiguity in organization is the insufficient information while uncertainty is the result of lacking information about circumstances. Once the information has not been transmitted to employee, they began to search for their own answers and this may show the way to rumors which can increase anxiety and result in a reduction in productivity and sabotage. This can affect the working environment in the firms and the employees will likely experience shock, disbelief and grief . . . followed by resentment, anger or depression (Sinetar1981). Delays in communication can result in employees feeling apprehensive and even hostile toward the merger or acquisition, making any subsequent communication process strained and difficult (Kelly, 1989). When organizational transitions are not well managed, the lack of top-down communication starts the rumor employees are left feeling anxious, threatened, and preoccupied with their own safety, their incomes, and their careers. Distrust is inevitable and becomes widespread. The employees have a need of knowing what the new structure of the firm will look like and get answers to their uncertainties as early as possible to prevent frustration and anxiety. Bastien (1987) established that during periods with communication shortage the individuals uncertainty peaked among the workforce. He further found that the members of the new organization changed their attitudes during those periods; their motivation decreased, and they expressed an increased intention to resign from the organization. Another common issue in MA process is the accessibility to information, at the stage of a merger assessment the management team hardly has all details in place that employees request. Since the actual details of the merger or acquisition have to be worked out over a period of several months or even years after the combination, management rarely has accurate answers to employee questions (Buono, Bowditch 1989: 16). Buono, Bowditch (1989) recommend that the top management of a merged firm should communicate as soon as possible with employees. Accurate and honest responses to questions about these issues provide organizational members with a realistic assessment of what the merger or acquisition will mean for them personally and for the new organization (Buono, Bowditch 1989: 204). Buono, Bowditch (1989) indicate that Ambiguity in organizations is generally conceptualized in terms of the adequacy of information available to organizational members (Buono, Bowditch 1989: 102). The employees have to be informed frequently. Even if there is not anything to know, they have to be informed that nothing new has happened. (Stoppel, 2006) Finally, The Management ought to share as much information as it can with employees before, during, and after the acquisition. Communication with employees can do more than just providing information It can help to diminish and drive out the speculative rumors which cause negative emotions and behavior. The importance of communication: Mergers and acquisition are an important part of the management setting and Communication plays a crucial role in the success of MA and is a decisive tool to use in order to change attitudes and behavior. Being truthful, open and forthright in this communication process is particularly important (Daniel, 1999; DeVoge and Spreier, 1999; DeVoge and Shiraki, 2000). Trzicky (2000: 55) point out that communication is the most important measure to reduce uncertainty and hostility of employees in mergers and acquisitions. Similarly, Schweiger and DeNisi (1991) established that communication is the only way to reduce anxiety among employees, and that the communication should start as early as possible in the process. In the field of research, they come across that employees who receive more communication at the stage of MA, they demonstrated more positive behaviors and selected positive coping strategies after MA-transactions. Salecker, Mà ¼ller-Stewens (1991) and Ivancevich, Schweiger, Power (1987b) state that one of the effects of communication in the acquisition process is the avoidance of negative reactions of employees which can limit the dysfunctional outcomes of MA-transactions. Ford and Ford (1995) relate the success of a change in an organization to the way that managers have handled the communication. Consistency in communication when the organization is going through changes will reduce the employees resistance. The management team should use communication efficiently so that rumors do not become the main source of information . as Ashkenas ,de monaco,and francis(1998)recommend:communicate,communicate,and then communicate some moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.keeping the communication process going -an making it reach broadly and deeply throughout the organization-requires more than just sharing information bulletins However, true communication is complex to realize since the communication process faces numerous obstacles. All forms of communication do not have the same effect. Communication and information flow can take a variety of forms: memos, e-mail, magazines,newsletters, videos, internet and face-to-face contact. In order to manage an opposition, a communication plan should be done in order to pass down information to all levels in the organization; further to have a feedback system that investigates employee attitudes is important. The integration process should be planned as thoroughly as possible to make sure that the questions from employees can be answered. During a merger or acquisition, employees will have an incredible longing for more information. Uncertainty will darken the workplace, and employee questions will seem never ending. The employees have a need of knowing what the new structure of the firm will look like and get answers to their uncertainties as early as possible to prevent frustration and anxiety. To put together a transition team with the job to communicate to the organization, treat people fairly and with respect, the communication must be visible to the employees and clarify the employees role in the firm and communicate the message clearly to the employees (Daniel Metcalf,2001).